Cone biopsy (Conization of the cervix )

Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers in women. A Pap test (cervical Pap smear) is therefore part of preventive check-ups.

Cone biopsy (conization) will allow the tissue to be sent for examination. It is therefore a method for the treatment of precancers (abnormal cells and dysplasia) as well as a diagnostic method for examining the cervix (a better sample is obtained by conization than from a cytological Pap-smear).

Indications for cone biopsy are: 

• Abnormal Pap test - if pathological cells are found on the Pap smear.
• Early-stage cervical cancer - there are two main types of cancer of the cervix: squamous cell carcinomas (80-90%) and adenocarcinomas (10-20%).
• Squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) - changes in the cervical cells that may become a cancer. We can distinguish a low-grade (LSIL) and a high-grade (HSIL) lesions seen as a suspicious spots inside the tissue.
• Adenocarcinoma in situ - stage 0 of adenocarcinoma. Cancer cells are present, but the cancer has not spread beyond the tissue.

Cervical conization is performed under general anesthesia and the procedure lasts from 15 to 30 minutes. 

Different methods are used to perform cone biopsy:

• Cold Knife Conization (CKC) - removal of tissue using a scalpel.
• Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure (LEEP) - conization using a wire loop heated by electric current.
  
• Laser conization and cryotherapy - used for less serious findings.

The cervix will heal on its own within 6 weeks after the tissue is removed.

After the operation:

• Minor bleeding or spotting may occur.
• Showering of intimate parts are necessary. 
• Bathing or sauna, or using tampons are not suitable.
• Sexual abstinence is necessary for 3 - 6 weeks.

Pregnancy after cone biopsy:

• Pregnancy is possible after cervical conization and is usually without any problems. 
• However, it is recommended to wait 6 months before conception.

Cervical cancer has a proven relationship with the Human Papillomavirus (HPV).

Vaccination against this virus is available for both sexes, the ideal age is around 12-14 years (boys and girls). 2 doses are given about 6 months apart.